2020
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Publication Embargo Comparative analysis of the application of Deep Learning techniques for Forex Rate prediction(2019 1st International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2019-12-05) Aryal, S.; Nadarajah, D.; Kasthurirathna, D.; Rupasinghe, L.; Jayawardena, C.Forecasting the financial time series is an extensive field of study. Even though the econometric models, traditional machine learning models, artificial neural networks and deep learning models have been used to predict the financial time series, deep learning models have been recently employed to do predictions of financial time series. In this paper, three different deep learning models called Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Temporal Convolution Network (TCN) have been used to predict the United States Dollar (USD) to Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) exchange rate and compared the accuracy of the models. The results indicate the superiority of CNN model over other models. We conclude that CNN based models perform best in financial time series prediction.Publication Embargo Aerodynamic modeling of simplified wind turbine rotors targeting small-scale applications in Sri Lanka(Elsevier, 2020-09-11) Sugathapala, T. M; Boteju, S; Withanage, P. B; Wijewardane, SA design and optimization procedure of simplified wind turbine rotors for small-scale applications is presented. The need for this research has arisen from the recent national initiative of the government of Sri Lanka titled ‘Battle for Wind Energy’ in promoting small scale grid connected wind plants for electricity customers under Net Metering scheme. The main objective of this research is to assist local developers to design optimum rotors for given electrical generators (as determined by customer requirements), suitable for wind characteristics at specific locations. Another objective is to enhance local manufacturing capabilities by providing a design option of a simplified rotor blade geometry. A study on the correlation between population density of electricity customers and wind energy potentials was carried out to categorize the demand centres based on wind energy potentials in proposing series of small-scale wind turbine designs. A unique and improved rotor design procedure is presented which attempts to match the point of maximum performance of a rotor (design tip speed ratio) with the design wind speed of a given location by considering generator performance. The new design procedure showed successful convergence on a unique blade diameter for each rotor configuration that allowed the design tip speed ratio to match the design wind speed. The performance evaluation of rotor designs showed that high solidity rotors work better on the low wind potential region while low solidity rotors dominate medium and high wind potential regions. The performance reductions of simplified rotor designs are not significant and therefore would be an effective way to enhance value addition through local manufacture.Publication Open Access Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Models for Multi-Step Prediction of Financial Time Series(researchgate.net, 2020-10-21) Aryal, S; Nadarajah, D; Rupasinghe, P.L; Jayawardena, C; Kasthurirathna, DFinancial time series prediction has been a key topic of interest among researchers considering the complexity of the domain and also due to its significant impact on a wide range of applications. In contrast to one-step ahead prediction, multi-step forecasting is more desirable in the industry but the task is more challenging. In recent days, advancement in deep learning has shown impressive accomplishments across various tasks including sequence learning and time series forecasting. Although most previous studies are focused on applications of deep learning models for single-step ahead prediction, multi-step financial time series forecasting has not been explored exhaustively. This paper aims at extensively evaluating the performance of various state-of-the-art deep learning models for multiple multi-steps ahead prediction horizons on real-world stock and forex markets dataset. Specifically, we focus on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network and its variations, Encoder-Decoder based sequence to sequence models, Temporal Convolution Network (TCN), hybrid Exponential SmoothingRecurrent Neural Networks (ES-RNN) and Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for interpretable Time Series forecasting (N-BEATS). Experimental results show that the latest deep learning models such as NBEATS, ES-LSTM and TCN produced better results for all stock market related datasets by obtaining around 50% less Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) scores for each prediction horizon as compared to other models. However, the conventional LSTM-based models still prove to be dominant in the forex domain by comparatively achieving around 2% less error values.Publication Embargo Arogya -An Intelligent Ayurvedic Herb Management Platform(IEEE, 2020-11-04) Pathiranage, N; Nilfa, N; Nithmali, M; Kumari, N; Weerasinghe, L; Weerathunga, IAyurvedic means a science of life and well-being with its unique approaches to social and spiritual life. Especially in Sri Lanka we have our own set of rare Ayurvedic herbs which have been utilized by generations as medicinal treatments for a variety of diseases. Absence of specialists in this area makes proper identification as well as classification of valuable herbal plants a tedious task, which is essential for better treatment. Hence, a fully automated system for herb detection and classification, information visualization regarding them is highly desirable. There are existing applications which can identify plants with low prediction accuracies, as well as to give information regarding them. However, these applications are based on foreign plant data sets that do not include valuable herbs and shrubs with medicinal qualities. Hence this research proposes an application unique to medicinal plants, which can perform all these functionalities in both online and offline approach. Here, a new Ayurvedic plant dataset prepared from scratch, and preliminary results for classification of 5 types of herbs, compared with several deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models based on transfer learning are presented. Experimental results indicate Marker-based Watershed algorithm as the best object detection algorithm in a complex background, VGG-16 as the best deep CNN classification model which reached a promising testing accuracy of 99.53%, and Seq2Seq LSTM model as the best deep learning model with optimum accuracy in abstractive information summarization.Publication Embargo Generating 2.5D Motion Graphics from 2D Designs(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Ranawake, I.; Guruge, S.; Ahamed, A.; Kasthurirathne, D.As of the year 2020 , the video production industry is worth 31 billion dollars in the United States alone, with more than 6000 businesses and 57000 employees, and keeps growing. The global computer animation market size is anticipated to reach USD 28.30 billion by 2025, according to Grand View Research, Inc. Such significant growth demands the tech industry to introduce better tools for making animations. In this paper, we propose our contribution, specifically for User Interface designers in the field of motion graphics. UI/UX design is found to be one of the top 5 most trending opportunities for motion designers, and our proposed system allows them to generate a 2.5D animation based on a 2D Futuristic User Interface (FUI) design. The ultimate goal is to reduce the production time of FUI animations and minimize the cost of responding to the client’s changes. Obtaining clients’ feedback directly on animations rather than still images would improve the client’s involvement in production, resulting in greater confidence and loyalty. We implement several image processing techniques such as thinning and pixel clustering for pre-processing the 2D designs to segment the given design into an array of atomic shapes. Since the thinned shapes ensure that any pixel in the design does not have adjacent pixels which are also adjacent to each other, it is possible to utilize mathematical means to approximate the shapes. Our system converts a given 2D design to a collection of animated lines and arcs distributed in 3D space that eventually can be exported to the industry-standard tool, Adobe After Effects.Publication Embargo DenGue CarB: Mosquito Identification and Classification using Machine Learning(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Mohommed, M.; Rajakaruna, P.; Kehelpannala, N.; Perera, A.; Abeysiri, L.This research paper discusses a web-based application that assists Public Health Officers in the dengue identification process. The mosquito classification is done using image processing and machine learning techniques. The training models are developed using Convolutional Neural Networks Algorithm, Support Vector Machine Algorithm, and K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm to validate the results to determine the most accurate and suitable algorithm. this paper discusses the previous related research work on its significance and drawbacks while highlighting design, methods, and implementation in the solution. We conclude that the CNN algorithm provides the highest accuracy among the machine learning techniques used.Publication Embargo AI Approach In Monitoring The Physical And Psychological State Of Car Drivers And Remedial Action For Safe Driving(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Shanmugarajah, S.; Tharmaseelan, J.; Sivagnanam, L.Road Accidents and casualties incited by drowsiness are an overall important social and monetary issue. The connection between drowsiness and accidents is bolstered by logical confirmations that relate to small-scale sleep. This project has focused on Driver drowsiness detection by using ECG signal extraction. This work expects to extract and arrange the basic four types of sleep through Wavelet Transform and machine learning calculations. The report covers a short theoretical introduction about the medicinal topic, features the extraction, filtering techniques, and afterward trains the extracted information through machine learning software. After that is covered, it demonstrates the results with two types of machine learning algorithms (active or drowsiness status) with WEKA software. The main benefit of this system is it will send a notification to the driver's mobile every second when he goes to sleeping status. Nowadays artificial intelligence cars are available with sleep assistance, however, the devices used on these cars are very expensive. So, our approach is to develop a system to predict the driver's drowsiness to reduce accidents caused by sleepiness at a low cost. The sleep / awake status is determined by both the factors RR peak's distance and R's amplitude.Publication Embargo An Integrated Framework for Predicting Health Based on Sensor Data Using Machine Learning(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Jayaweera, K.N.; Kallora, K.M.C.; Subasinghe, N.A.C.K.; Rupasinghe, L.; Liyanapathirana, C.According to recent studies, the majority of the world's population shows a lack of concern in their health. As a consequence, the non-communicable disease rate has increased dramatically. Amongst these diseases, heart diseases have caused the most catastrophic situations. Apart from the busy lifestyle, studies also show that stress is another factor that causes these diseases. Therefore, the focus of our research is to provide a user-friendly health monitoring system that causes minimum disturbance to its users. However, many studies have focused on predicting health; very few have focused on its usability. The objective of our research is to predict the possibility of cardiac arrests and the presence of stress in real-time using a wearable device prototype. The system uses biometric signals obtained from the photoplethysmogram sensor embedded in the wearable device to perform real-time predictions. We trained three models using random forest, k-nearest neighbor, and logistic regression classification algorithms to predict sudden cardiac arrests with accuracies 99.93%, 99.10%, and 94.47%, respectively. Further, we trained three additional models to predict stress using the same algorithms with accuracies 99.87%, 96.83%, and 65.00%, respectively. Thus, the results of this study show that an integrated framework, capable of predicting different health-related conditions, through sensor data collected from wearable sensors, is feasible.Publication Embargo Character Modifier Combinations Recognition in Sinhala Handwriting(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Silva, C.M.; Jayasundere, N. D.Sinhala script is categorized as a segmental writing system and therefore consonant–vowel sequences are identified as a unit. Depending on the vowel and the consonant combination, the diacritic can attach above, below, following or preceding the consonant. The identification of characters with the modifier symbols is important in recognizing generally written Sinhala text and has not been addressed sufficiently in the existing research. Sinhala handwriting recognition is much difficult compared to the other popular languages due to the complexity of the shapes of the characters and the presence of the modifier symbols. This paper discusses on a projection profile, distance profile, partial distance profile and contour based approach to identify characters along with character modifiers in Sinhala script. The proposed method has given an average recognition rate of 75% for 283 character modifier combinations. The proposed solution can be used to identify Sinhala handwritten text with a proper segmentation mechanism.Publication Embargo Candidate Selection for the Interview using GitHub Profile and User Analysis for the Position of Software Engineer(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Gajanayake, R.G.U.S.; Hiras, M.H.M.; Gunathunga, P.I.N.; Supun, E.G.J.; Karunasenna, A.; Bandara, P.Selecting the most suitable candidates for interviews is an important process for organizations that can affect their overall work performance. Typically, recruiters check Curriculum Vitae (CV), shortlist them and call candidates for interviews which have been the way of recruiting new employees for a long time. To minimize the time spent on the above process, pre-screening mechanisms are nowadays implemented by organizations. However, those mechanisms need sufficient information to evaluate the candidate. For example, in case of a software engineer, the recruiters are interested on the programming ability, academic perfo rmance as well as personality traits of potential candidates. In this research, a pre-screening solution is proposed to screen the applicants for the post of Software Engineer where candidates are screen based on an initial call transcript, GitHub profile, LinkedIn profile , CV, Academic transcript and, Recommendation letters. This approach extracts textual features of different dimensions based on Natural Language Processing to identify the Big Five personality traits, CV and GitHub insights, candidate’s skills, background, and capabilities from Recommendation letters as well as programming skills and knowledge from Academic transcript and Linked Profile. The results obtained from the different areas are presented an d shown that the selected supervised machine learning algorithms and techniques can be used to evaluate the best possible candidates.Publication Embargo Smart Exam Evaluator for Object-Oriented Programming Modules(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Wickramasinghe, M.L.; Wijethunga, H.P.; Yapa, S.R.; Vishwajith, D.M.D.; Samaratunge Arachchillage, U.S.S.; Amarasena, N.Worldwide educators considered that, automate the evaluation of programming language-based exams is a more challenging task due to its complexity and the diversity of solutions implemented by students. This research investigates and provides insight into the applicability and development of a java based online exam evaluator as a solution to traditional onerous manual exam assessment methodology. The proposed system allows students to take online exams in Java for an implemented source code in a practical exam, automatically reporting the results to the administrator simultaneously. Accordingly, this research examines existing methods, identifies their limitations, and explores the significance of introducing a smart object-oriented program-based exam evaluator as a solution. This method minimizes all human errors and makes the system more efficient. An automated answer checker checks and marks are given as human-counterpart and generate a report with possible suggestions for improvement of the answer scripts and generate a classification report to predict the student’s final exam marks. This software application uses a Knowledge base, Abstract Syntax tree (AST), ANTLR, Image processing, and Machine Learning (ML) as key technologies. The proposed system gains a higher accuracy of 95% as performed by a separate human-counterpart. These results show a high level of accuracy and automate marking is the major emphasis to save human evaluation effort and maximize productivity.Publication Embargo Intelligent Disease Detection System for Greenhouse with a Robotic Monitoring System(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Fernando, S.; Nethmi, R.; Silva, A.; Perera, A.; De Silva, R.; Abeygunawardhana, P.K.W.Greenhouse farming plays a significant role in the agricultural industry because of its controlled climatic features. Recent examinations have stated that the mean creation of the yields under greenhouses is lessening due to disease events in the plants. These foods have become an imposing undertaking because these plants are being assaulted by different bacterial diseases, micro-organisms, and pests. The chemicals are applied to the plants intermittently without thinking about the necessity of each plant. Several problems have occurred in the greenhouse environment due to these causes. Therefore, there is a huge necessity for a system to detect diseases at an early stage. This research focused on designing a system to detect disease, which causes yellowish in greenhouse plants. Plant yellowing can be considered a significant problem of plants that grow under greenhouse-controlled environments. Through this research is focused on the most important and one of the most attentiongrabbing crop tomato. There are specific diseases that cause yellowish the tomato plant, and they have been identified. The techniques utilized for early recognition of infection are image processing, machine learning, and deep learning.Publication Embargo Deepfake Audio Detection: A Deep Learning Based Solution for Group Conversations(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Wijethunga, R.L.M.A.P.C.; Matheesha, D.M.K.; Al Noman, A.; De Silva, K.H.V.T.A.; Tissera, M.; Rupasinghe, L.The recent advancements in deep learning and other related technologies have led to improvements in various areas such as computer vision, bio-informatics, and speech recognition etc. This research mainly focuses on a problem with synthetic speech and speaker diarization. The developments in audio have resulted in deep learning models capable of replicating naturalsounding voice also known as text-to-speech (TTS) systems. This technology could be manipulated for malicious purposes such as deepfakes, impersonation, or spoofing attacks. We propose a system that has the capability of distinguishing between real and synthetic speech in group conversations.We built Deep Neural Network models and integrated them into a single solution using different datasets, including but not limited to Urban- Sound8K (5.6GB), Conversational (12.2GB), AMI-Corpus (5GB), and FakeOrReal (4GB). Our proposed approach consists of four main components. The speech-denoising component cleans and preprocesses the audio using Multilayer-Perceptron and Convolutional Neural Network architectures, with 93% and 94% accuracies accordingly. The speaker diarization was implemented using two different approaches, Natural Language Processing for text conversion with 93% accuracy and Recurrent Neural Network model for speaker labeling with 80% accuracy and 0.52 Diarization-Error-Rate. The final component distinguishes between real and fake audio using a CNN architecture with 94% accuracy. With these findings, this research will contribute immensely to the domain of speech analysis.Publication Embargo Secured, Intelligent Blood and Organ Donation Management System - “LifeShare”(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Wijayathilaka, P.L.; Pahala Gamage, P.H.; De Silva, K.H.B.; Athukorala, A.P.P.S.; Kahandawaarachchi, K.A.D.C.P.; Pulasinghe, K.N.The scarcity and exigency for blood and organs has created many discrepancies in current approaches. These have created the criteria for malpractices such as organ trafficking and black market selling. This research presents a solution with a secured-smart blood and organ donation web developed system, allowing both patients and healthcare providers to access information about the blood and organ processing records. The database would be managed using the Blockchain technology which could be only accessed by authorized users. Finally, tracking all registered donors, the proposed system generates a smart identity developed by Ethereum Smart Contract (ESC). System predicts blood demand for the future ten years using Linear Regression Model with 0.998 of high R-squared accuracy value. This reduces shortages and wastage of blood. Also, using global positioning system and K-Nearest Neighbors Machine Learning algorithm, the system finds the best matches among donors and seekers according to the nearest location. Further, the system will automatically send questionnaires for registered users to identify and evaluate their awareness and issues about organ donation. Overall, this study aims for a secured and transparent web application. Thus, it facilitates an innovative and a productive blood donation and organ transplantation process in Sri Lankan healthcare sector.Publication Embargo Science Zone : An Augmented Reality based Mobile Application for Science(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) De Silva, W.; Naranpanawa, P.; Hettihewa, U.; Liyanage, P.; Samarakoon, U.; Amarasena, N.In recent years, technology has rapidly developed, and it has provided many technological advancements for the field of education with an attempt to improve and overcome its limitations. Augmented Reality is among these latest technologies which support to improve learning environment around the world. It can bring education to a new level which can help students in many significant ways. In Sri Lanka, augmented reality is rarely been used for the purpose of educational enhancements. Therefore, it was decided to develop an augmented reality embedded mobile application for the G.C.E Ordinary Level Students in order to make it easy for them to learn Science with more enthusiasm and interest. This research has been used marker-based approach to transmit images or objects in the text book into the real-world scenes in order to create a more productive learning environment for the students. The first version of the application covers four main areas in the Science curriculum, such as; Preparation of Acids, Human Anatomy, Organization of Plants and Biosphere Cycles. Feedback for the application was taken from randomly selected ten science teachers and twenty grade eleven students and accordingly the application was further developed. Their feedback proves that the application would satisfy the common requirements of students, and it would be an immense support in scoring good results for science.Publication Embargo PatientCare: Patient Assistive Tool with Automatic Hand-written Prescription Reader(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Kulathunga, D.; Muthukumarana, C.; Pasan, U.; Hemachandra, C.; Tissera, M.; De Silva, H.Most people in the world prefer to be conscious of the medications prescribed by physicians. Especially, the importance of handwritten prescriptions is prodigious in Sri Lanka because they are widely used in the healthcare sector. However, due to the illegible handwriting and the medical abbreviations of the physicians, patients are unable to find the prescribed medication information. This research is an attempt to assist the patients in identifying the prescribed medicine information and minimizes misreading errors of medical prescriptions. When a patient uploads the image of a prescription, the system converts it into unstructured text data by using OCR and segmentation, then NER is used to categorize medical information from given text. According to the other research, some solutions exist in other domains for the above mechanisms. But they gave less accuracy when tried to apply for this research due to the domain specialty. Therefore, as a solution to overcome the above discrepancy this approach allows users to scan handwritten medical prescriptions and blood reports and obtain analyzed reports in medical history. Results have shown that this approach will give 64%-70% accuracy level in doctor's handwriting recognition and 95%- 98% accuracy in medical information categorization of the prescription format.Publication Embargo Smart Backpack for Travelers(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Gunarathne, P.D.R.P.; Amarasuriya, R.M.C.I.; Wickramasinghe, W.A.D.D.; Witharana, A.H.T.N.; Abeygunawardhana, P.K.W.Smart backpack is an application-specific design which guarantees a safe journey for travelers. The smart backpack has a different combination of services connected to a single system. It has a unique design that helps to fulfill its services. The system provides the health status of travelers and environmental status by measuring the quality level of the nearby atmosphere. As a security feature, it contains a human detective sensor-based security system. As well as the research consists of an undying power resource which charges by solar cells, the power source can be used to power up the system and to recharge traveler's devices through a USB power outlet. The Backpack has a user-friendly mobile application. This system also provides a health monitoring feature, which monitors the heart rate and body temperature of the traveler. The traveler can share his/her health status with the system and compute the real-time health condition from the outputs of the health sensors integrated into the backpack. The bag model design and building play a major role and has removable unique mini compartments for all hardware components. It should carry maximum weight with minimum pressure for the back of the traveler with minimum cost.Publication Embargo A Story of Two Surveys: for the Advancement of Sinhalese Mobile Text Entry Research(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Reyal, S.; Piyawardana, V.; Kaveendri, D.This paper presents two surveys: a literature survey on the current progress on Sinhalese mobile text entry research and a user survey on how Sri Lankans experience Sinhalese mobile text entry. The first survey concludes that Sinhalese mobile text entry is limited in scope and size compared to western text entry research. The second survey attempts to bridge this gap by providing deep insight into aspects in Sinhalese mobile text entry such as language switching, using English within Sinhalese e.g. mixed-mode and Singlish, and the popularity of various input modalities, keyboard vendors, and keyboard layouts. This is also the first research publication that unveils the current state-of-the-art in Sinhalese mobile text entry, along with user-preferences such as using autocorrect, glide-typing, and speech. Results from this survey deepens our understanding of the Sinhalese mobile text entry domain resulting in a stronger empirical footing and more innovative Sinhalese mobile text entry solutions.Publication Embargo Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis for Evaluating Movies and TV series Publisher: IEEE Cite This PDF(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10) Cooray, T.; Perera, G.; Chandrasena, D.; Alosius, J.; Kugathasan, A.Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is used in different fields for analyzing customer reviews to project an overall customer opinion on certain products. With the expansion of the internet, people are provided with an inexpensive and time-saving method to express their opinion to a larger audience, while various industries are handed with the opportunity to gather free information from it to obtain market value. The implementation of machine learning methods for the evaluation of aspects related to movies and television series has not been commenced, and it could be a new development for the industry. This study focuses on conducting an ABSA on a movie or a television series based on genre, story as well as cast and crew aspects. The data collected from social media through web scraping is processed to produce adequate results to get a broad understanding on how the popularity of the movie or the television series related to above mentioned aspects. Then, each aspect is further analyzed to gather precise information belonging to each aspect. The accuracy of the results of the proposed system has been achieved over 79%. The results proved that the solution is highly successful than the former works with high business value.Publication Embargo Ontological Knowledge Inferring Approach based on Term-Clustering and Intra-Cluster Permutations(2020 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), SLIIT, 2020-12-10)Ontological representation of knowledge has the advantage of being easy to reason with, but ontology construction with knowledge facts, automatically acquiring them from open domain text is often challenging. This research introduces a novel approach to infer new ontological knowledge in a fully automated manner. Such ontological knowledge can be utilized in both constructing new ontologies and extending existing ontologies. Basic level triples that can be extracted from open domain text are used as the data source for this study. A simple mechanism has been introduced to convert the triple into an ontological knowledge fact and such ontological knowledge facts are further processed to infer new ontological knowledge. The main focus of this research is to infer new ontological knowledge using an advanced term-clustering mechanism followed by an intra-cluster permutation generation task. Generated permutations are potential to be selected as good ontological knowledge facts. Inferred ontological knowledge was tested with inter-rater agreement method with high reliability and variability. Results demonstrated that, out of 43,103 triples, this method inferred 127,874 ontological knowledge (approximately 3 times) of which 66% were estimated to be effective. Finally, this research contributes a reliable approach which requires a single pass over the corpus of triples to infer a large number of ontological knowledge facts that can be used to construct/extend ontologies.