Design, Simulation, and Optimization of a Hybrid Hydrogen Fuel Cell–Battery Energy System for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Applications Using MATLAB Simulink

Abstract

The transition to sustainable transportation demands energy systems that are both efficient and environmentally friendly. This paper presents the design, simulation, and optimization of a hybrid energy system that integrates Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells with lithium capacitor batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The system aims to combine the high energy density of hydrogen with the fast response and recharge capabilities of advanced battery technologies to meet varying load demands efficiently. Using MATLAB Simulink, a hybrid model was developed to evaluate dynamic power sharing between the fuel cell and battery under variable driving conditions. A boost converter regulated the fuel cell output, while a bidirectional DC-DC converter managed power flow between the battery and the load. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) was implemented to optimize hydrogen fuel cell performance, enhancing energy efficiency under transient conditions (Dursun & Kilic, 2012). Simulation results demonstrated improved voltage stability, reduced stress on individual sources, and efficient energy utilization. Optimization of component sizing and control strategy further enhanced system response and fuel economy. These findings highlight the hybrid system’s potential for reducing EV range anxiety and promoting the use of renewable energy carriers such as hydrogen. This work contributes to ongoing research in sustainable mobility by offering a technically viable and scalable energy architecture that addresses the limitations of standalone battery and fuel cell systems. Future work will extend to hardware implementation and control refinement to accommodate real-world uncertainties and ensure robust performance.