Browsing by Author "Tanaka, N"

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Open Access
Estimation of drag coefficient of trees considering the tree bending or overturning situations
(Faculty of Engineering - University Of Ruhuna. Galle, 2012) Morinaga, T; Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Karunaratne, S; Weerakoon, W. M. S. B
Drag coefficients of a real tree trunk and the sheltering effects of an upstream trunk on a downstream one in a linear arrangement with different spacings and inclinations were investigated in detail. In addition, for elucidating the change of drag coefficient for an overturned tree, drag force acting on a real tree with roots was also measured in this study. For the measurement of drag force with different inclinations, Terminalia Cattapa and Albizia sp., vegetated in Sri Lanka, were selected in this study. Drag coefficient of inclined tree trunk has the similar tendency in relation to the Reynolds number with that of vertical standing tree investigated in Tanaka et al.(2011). For the vertical tree trunk with rough surface, drag coefficient of rear-side tree trunk was decreased with decreasing L/d (where, L is spacing and d is the diameter of trunk). In addition, as a result of mutual interference experiment of two inclined tree trunk, the drag coefficient of rear-side trunk decreased with the increase of the inclination. Under the influence of the increment of projected area due to existence of roots and shear force acting on tree trunk surface, the drag coefficient of a tree with roots became similar value (1.0-1.2) comparing with that of a vertical standing tree.
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Seasonal fluctuations in live and dead biomass of Phragmites australis as described by a growth and decomposition model: implications of duration of aerobic conditions for …
(Elsevier, 2002-07-01) Asaeda, T; Hietz, P; Tanaka, N; Karunaratne, S
We developed a model of Phragmites australis growth and decomposition to evaluate the material budget and nutrient cycles of a reed stand in Neusiedlersee, Austria. The model describes the growth of each organ of P. australis, the collapse of standing dead shoots, the decomposition of leaves and stalks, and nutrient uptake and release during these processes. The model was calibrated using growth and decomposition data from the literature, and subsequently applied to predict the effects of P. australis stands on a marsh ecosystem. From the start of its decomposition in water, the litter was assumed to stay in the aerobic water layer for 6, 12 or 24 months before entering the anaerobic sediment layer. Because decomposition increases with increasing oxygen and temperature, the aerobic decomposition rate (before the litter was transferred to the anaerobic substrate) increased markedly, especially from spring to autumn. The model predicted that between 33 (6 months aerated) and 48% (24 months aerated) of the annual aboveground production would decompose within 1 year, while the rest would remain in the anaerobic substrate. Rates of nitrogen and phosphorus release were 1.4 times higher between late spring and the end of summer than during autumn and winter. A higher proportion of phosphorus than nitrogen was expected to remain trapped in the anaerobic layer. The uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus during the growing season exceeded release during decomposition 4–6 and 5–7-fold, respectively. The model is useful for quantifying the nutrient cycles of reed-dominant marshes.