Book Chapters
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The book chapters authored by SLIIT researchers are included in this collection. Access to full texts may be restricted depending on the access and licensing terms.
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Publication Embargo Addressing Academic Stress: Implications for Female Students in Saudi Arabia(IGI GLOBLE Scientific, 2024) Rajapaksha, WSaudi Arabia's higher education policies have propelled a surge in female enrollment, mitigating female unemployment and bolstering the Saudization initiative. This surge in national education has curbed reliance on foreign institutions and facilitated access to higher education for local high school graduates. However, despite these advancements, student dropout rates and academic underperformance persist. This study investigates the influence of stressors on academic performance among female students in Saudi Arabia. Findings indicate that academic stress and stressors related to personality significantly affect academic performance, while stressors linked to career paths do not exhibit a similar impact.Publication Embargo AI and Inclusive Democracy: Transforming Governance for Equitable Societies(CRC Press, 2026) Harasgama, K. S.; Arora, V; Singh, M; Qureshi, TThe interaction of artificial intelligence (AI) and democracy today is a confluence of opportunities for advancement around foundational values. The development of AI technologies, by leaps and bounds, holds the promise to enhance democratic processes by increasing efficiency in decision-making, streamlining governance, and stimulating civic engagement. Concerns are raised in issues of data privacy, algorithmic bias, and concentration of power in technology corporations, situations that call for very robust regulatory mechanisms if democratic values are to be upheld. The fact that AI can, therefore, lead to increased socioeconomic inequalities, manipulate public opinion, and threaten democratic institutions directly requires a proactive stance toward grappling with ethical, legal, and social implications. Governance of the various issues arising from the intersection of AI and democracy is a complex task that requires the cooperation of policymakers, technologists, ethicists, and representatives of civil society. They should strive to find the right balance between innovation and responsibility. Effective governance models need to ensure that AI systems retain and operate on the principles of fairness, transparency, and human rights. This paper discusses the challenges of AI and democracy considering electoral politics, cyber threats, psychographic profiling, and its regulation.Publication Embargo AI Applications for Sustainable Development Goals(IGI Global, 2024-01-01) Herath, S.K; Sodige, D.S; Kalupahanage, D.PThe emergence of artificial intelligence and the pursuit of sustainable development are two major forces shaping our world, The need to reorient the existing socioeconomic systems towards sustainability has never been more prescient. The United Nation identified ‘Sustainable Development Goals’, more conveniently known as SDGs, in 2015 as a guideline to fashion a new world that is quite equitable, prosperous and environmentally sustainable by the year 2030. AI can be applied to energy systems in enhancing the use of energy resources, in risk assessment and mitigation of natural occurrences, and in creating new clean technologies. Artificial intelligence is influencing many sectors of society and reshaping numerous industries. This chapter will explore specific examples of how AI is being used to address critical challenges related to the SDGs, discuss the potential benefits and limitations, and examine ethical considerations for responsible AI development and deployment in the context of sustainable development.Publication Embargo Analytical hierarchical process in decision making(IGI Global, 2023) Jayawardena, S; Gopura R.A.R.CIn the introduction, what decision making is and the significance of the decision making was introduced. Few popular decision-making techniques were listed out and three rational techniques were discussed in a nutshell. Then Professor Saaty's seminal work, Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was described, starting with the evolution of AHP and moving towards its practice through a four-step process. The AHP generates weights on a relative ratio scale with an input of measurements on a standard scale and due to the normalization process linearity of the results was destroyed. Finally, the four-step analytical hierarchical process was illustrated through an example of the selection of a job. During the progression, outcomes of the key theoretical aspects have been touched on without providing proof.Publication Embargo Analytical network process in decision making(IGI Global, 2023) Jayawardena, T.S.S; Jayawardena, C.SAnalytic Network Process (ANP) is a generalizedform of the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). AHP is an objective theory of deriving the decision makings on absolute scale values starting from subjective relative measurements perhaps on tangible or intangible or a mix of both rated by the experts. A consistency measure of the relative ratings is verified with a consistency ratio to assure the ratings of the experts are consistent. The clustering of criteria/sub-criteria with inner and outer dependencies as well as feedback is taken into account in ANP. In ANP rather than a hierarchical process, a network structure is assumed and all nodes in the network are treated equally with interaction between nodes and grouping into clusters. A supermatrix is constructed, then normalized it to get weighted super matrix and raised it to a sufficient power to converge this into a unique eigen vector representing the final weights in limit super-matrix. Step by step iterations of ANP was demonstrated with a selection of car example.Publication Embargo Case Studies: Use of Low Strain Transient Dynamic Response Method for Rock Socketed End Bearing Bored Piles(ASTM Compass, 2018-05-28) Kodithuwakku, T. H; Thilakasiri, S; Rathnayaka, AThe transient dynamic response (TDR) method has been introduced to pile integrity testing over several decades. The TDR method requires measuring both pile top velocity and force induced at the pile top by a small handheld hammer. Force and velocity information can be used to determine the pile condition near the top of the pile and the stiffness of pile-soil-rock system. It has been suggested by researchers that the dynamic stiffness at low frequencies obtained from the TDR method relates to the static stiffness of a pile. The static stiffness determines the initial linear region of load-displacement behavior of a particular pile. However, little attention has been paid to developing a correlation between the dynamic stiffness obtained from the TDR method and the static stiffness of a pile head. Therefore, systematic field tests were performed on rock-socketed end-bearing bored piles to determine both dynamic stiffness and static stiffness. The piles were tested using both high-strain dynamic load testing and low-strain pile integrity testing. Based on the field testing results, this paper suggests a correlation between dynamic stiffness and static stiffness. Furthermore, successful implementation of the TDR method on rock-socketed end-bearing bored piles is verified through case studies. In addition, the case studies show that dynamic stiffness and first resonant frequency could be used to identify the doubtful piles having low toe stiffness.Publication Embargo Designing a Compensation Strategy(IGI Global, 2025-01-01) Rajapakshe, WThis chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of compensation design as a strategic lever for organizational success. It examines strategic compensation planning, highlighting the alignment of pay systems with business objectives to motivate desired behaviors, enhance productivity, and support long- term goals. Factors affecting employee compensation—including internal equity, external competitiveness, performance, skills, experience, and market benchmarks—are explored to inform effective pay decisions. The chapter distinguishes job evaluation from performance appraisal, emphasizing its role in establishing fair, transparent pay structures. Key features and methods of job evaluation—ranking, classification, point- factor, and factor comparison—are discussed, offering practical guidance for designing compensation systems that attract and retain talent, reinforce performance, and sustain competitive advantage in evolving business environments.Publication Embargo Determinants of dividend policy in the financial sector in sri lanka: A GMM approach(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2024-05-13) Tharanga, T.M.N; Banda, Y.K.W; Dewasiri, N.J; Peiris, T.U.IIntroduction: Why companies pay dividends and the determinants of dividend policy are considered an unresolved dividend puzzle. To reach a consensus over the puzzle, researchers must investigate the factors affecting dividend policy by incorporating all the determinants into a single research effort. Purpose: We examine the dividend policy determinants of Sri Lankan firms, explicitly focusing on the banking, finance, and insurance (BFI) sectors. Methodology: This study uses the quantitative approach applying the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system to examine the dividend policy determinants by obtaining secondary data from 51 listed BFI organisations in Sri Lanka. Findings: The analysis disclosed that the variables of changes in revenues, firm size, liquidity, corporate tax, business risk, and profitability have a positive relationship with dividend yield, whereas investment opportunities, leverage, change in revenues, corporate tax, and firm size impact positively on the propensity to pay dividends in BFI organisations in Sri Lanka. Our findings opine that managers in the BFI industries should prioritise changing their dividend policies by paying close attention to factors, such as dividend yield, changes in revenue, firm size, liquidity, corporate tax ratio, business risk, and profitability because the dividend policy is critical to retaining current investors and luring new ones.Publication Open Access Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas(Springer, Cham, 2017-03-22) Perera, R; Khaimi, D; Khailani, BThis chapter argues for the mainstreaming of disaster resilience attributes in local development plans as an overarching adaptive measure with regards to urban areas facing climate related disasters. The chapter is based on empirical research involving a group of professional urban planners and managers who are responsible for formulating development plans for local urban areas in a developing country. Using the key-informant technique, the research investigated the ideas of a set of professional planners and managers regarding the suitable urban planning strategies to improve the resilience of local areas against a common hazard (e.g., flooding) that has a tendency to intensify due to climate change. In the next step, the common attributes of more frequently suggested strategies were identified using the principal component analysis technique. In the last step, the extent to which the local development planning system has responded so far to the vulnerability reduction and resilience improvement needs of the civil society. The findings indicate that local planners are sensitive to the flood risks faced by people. They have incorporated policies and strategies in the local development plan to minimize exposure of the people and property to flood hazard and improve the adaptive capacity of the urban settlements. However, the sector-based organization of the plan prepared by the federal level planners was found to be a hindrance to improving mainstream disaster resilience attributes in development planning. Therefore, the paper calls for strengthening the participatory planning and development capacity of the local authorities to enable more resolute mainstreaming of disaster resilience in local development plans.Publication Open Access Drawing in or ruling out “Family?” The evolution of the family systems approach in Sri Lanka(Springer, Cham, 2019) Ekanayake, E. S; Abeysinghe, NThis chapter traces the baby steps of family systems approaches (FSA) in Sri Lanka. It captures some of the early known discussions about FSA held between academics, development workers, practitioners and grassroots counsellors and shares with the reader their genuine questions, doubts, cautious enthusiasm and joyous discoveries. The chapter also provides insights into the sociocultural realities within which counselling services are offered, the nature of the mental health and psychosocial services (MHPSS) in Sri Lanka, the diverse players and the specific limitations and challenges that proponents of FSA would need to navigate. The reader is invited to experience two real-life events in which the authors have explored the adaptation and use of FSA together with their students, co-workers and trainees. The first is in a classroom where masters-level students of counselling experience FSA as a practical learning experience. The second shares explorations with field counsellors working directly with vulnerable family members of migrant workers. These two scenarios highlight the reasons for and the manner in which FSA has been chosen as a robust, flexible and powerful tool capable of addressing the demands of evolving family systems and a changing Sri Lankan society.Publication Open Access EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE POOR ASSESSING SPATIAL DISPARITIES(South Asia center for policy Studies, 2009-02) Tilakaratna, G; Tilakaratna, A; Jayatilaka, R; Perera, RSri Lanka enjoys a remarkable progress in terms of its basic education indicators, compared to many other developing countries in the world. By 2004, it had an adult literacy rate of about 92.5 per cent, and a net primary enrolment ratio of 98 per cent. The primary completion ratio for Sri Lanka is also relatively high, with only about 3 per cent of the students dropping out before reaching grade 5. Moreover, Sri Lanka has achieved significant progress in gender equality in education. The adult literacy rate for female is 96 per cent of that for male while youth literacy rate for female is as high as 101 percent of that for male. In addition, net primary enrolment ratio for female is about 97 per cent and is at the same level as that for male students. However, it is interesting to note that the combined ratio for all educational levels for female is about 102 per cent of that for male, implying higher enrolments among female studentsPublication Embargo An Empirical Study on Paddy Harvest and Rice Demand Prediction for an Optimal Distribution Plan(wiley, 2022-03-04) Rankothge, W. HThis book provides the state-of-the-art applications of Machine Learning in IoT environment. The most common use cases for machine learning and IoT data are predictive maintenance, followed by analyzing CCTV surveillance, smart home applications, smart-healthcare, in-store ‘contextualized marketing’ and intelligent transportation systems. Readers will gain an insight into the integration of Machine Learning with IoT in various application domains.Publication Embargo Exploring Public Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccine Adverse Effects Through Social Media Analysis(IGI Global, 2023) Nimanthika, S; Kuhaneswaran, B; Wijeratne, A.K; Kumara, SThis study examines social media content to identify adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination as perceived by the public. Existing studies did not categorize tweets on vaccine adverse effects as personal experience, informative, or advice-seeking. Authors manually classified tweets into categories and used the data to train four machine learning models. LSTM algorithm yielded the highest accuracy of 90.13%. The LSTM model with GloVe embedding was determined to be most suitable. This research aims to fill a research gap and increase public awareness of COVID-19 vaccine side effects. The study highlights the importance of analyzing social media content to better understand public perception of vaccines.Publication Embargo HemoSmart: A Non-Invasive Device and Mobile App for Anemia Detection(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021-04-06) Jayakody, A; Edirisinghe, E. A. G. A; Lokuliyana, SThe Hemoglobin concentration in human blood is an important substance to health condition determination. With the results which are obtained from Hemoglobin test, a condition which is called as Anemia (a low level of Hemoglobin) can be revealed. Traditionally the Hemoglobin test is done using blood samples which are taken using needles. The non-invasive Hemoglobin level detection system, discussed in this paper, describes a better idea about the hemoglobin concentration in the human blood. The images of the fingertip of the different hemoglobin level patients which is taken using a camera is used to develop the neural network-based algorithm. The pre-mentioned algorithm is used in the developed non-invasive device to display the Hemoglobin level. Before doing the above procedure, an account is created in the mobile app and a questionnaire is given to answer by the patient. Finally, both the results which are obtained from the mobile app and the device are run through a machine learning algorithm to get the final output. According to the final result patient would be able to detect anemia at an early stage.Publication Open Access Improving the understanding of safe-sex behaviours with the use of two models in Health Psychology(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Abeysinghe, NHealth psychology, which is a branch of psychology, aims to understand human health (wellbeing, illnesses, and vulnerabilities) from a biopsychosocial perspective that takes the biological, psychological, and social aspects of life into consideration. This sub-discipline broadly emphases its role in health promotion and maintenance of health, prevention and treatment of illness, detection and focus on causes of illnesses, and overall improvement of the health care system. Health psychologists utilise a broad range of psychological theories and models developed within the sub-discipline for the above functions. This paper outlines how two theoretical models in Health Psychology, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and the Health Belief Model (HBM), contribute to the understanding of safe-sex behaviours. Unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases are noticeable problems around the globe. Almost one million adolescent women aged 19 or under become pregnant each year in the USA alone (Ventura & Freedman, 2000), and the number of adolescents acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STI), including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), approximates to 3.5 million (Chambers, & Rew, 2003). In the UK the number of new diagnoses for STIs has increased from 63% over the last ten years (Health Protection Agency, 2008). In relation to homosexual relationships, there is still a high incidence of unsafe sex, mainly in the form of unprotected anal intercourse, despite the long number of years of health promotion and education aimed at this population (Crossley, 2000).Publication Embargo Integrated-flexible research methodology: An alternative approach(IGI Global, 2023-03-10) Saliya, C.AThe research process is not a smooth process that moves from one stage to another, or a sequential process growingfrom the roots of ontology and epistemology towards the data collection and analytical techniques and interpretations. The existentialist position of the interpretive / reformist paradigm is that reality is subjective and multiple, that it does not exist independently in the human mind. Their epistemological stance is that the available knowledge depends on the researcher's thoughts and desires. That is, "knowledge" is created by the seeker and deploying a specific methodology which is not necessarily a sequential set of "stages", a "step-by-step" course or a "layer-by-layer" peeling activity like peeling-off an onion.Publication Embargo Intelligent Vision Impaired Indoor Navigation Using Visible Light Communication(Springer, Cham, 2020) Jayakody, A; Murray, I; Hermann, J; Lokuliyana, S; Dunuwila, VRecent statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that over 253 million of the world’s population to be visually impaired. Most of these individuals use the white cane as an assistive tool or are often accompanied by caretakers or voluntary helpers as indoor navigation is particularly challenging for them. This chapter describes a substitute vision system designed to assist vision impaired individuals through the use of visible light communication and geomagnetism. Furthermore, the use of database optimization increases the speed and efficiency of data retrieval thus reducing system response time. Though navigation systems that support the visual impaired are readily available, there have been no systems that use both visible light communication and geomagnetism capable of providing accurate and secure indoor navigation assistance, which in turn would increase the overall satisfaction of the system users.Publication Embargo Introduction to Compensation Management(IGI Global, 2025-01-01) Rajapakshe, WThis chapter examines compensation management, emphasizing its vital role in modern organizations. It defines compensation management, distinguishing between direct (salaries, bonuses) and indirect (benefits, non- monetary rewards) forms. The chapter highlights its importance in attracting, retaining, and motivating talent, linking these outcomes to performance and sustainability. It explores how compensation reflects and reinforces culture and values, shaping behavior and commitment. The evolution from an operational to a strategic HR function is outlined, showing alignment with goals such as innovation and efficiency. The role of compensation in managing change, supporting globalization, and embracing diversity is discussed, illustrating adaptability to complex environments. Key principles of effective compensation management and a six- step process—from job analysis to wage and salary implementation—are presented, underscoring its contribution to a motivated, engaged, high- performing workforce aligned with strategy.Publication Embargo Investigation of an Extended Typology for Marketing Destinations with YouTube(IGI Global, 2020) Sambhanthan, A; Thelijjagoda, S; Good, A; Scupola, AThis article describes how YouTube has been evolving as an e-tool for marketing activities over the past decade. Utilizing YouTube for enhancing marketing endeavours is a strategy practiced by marketing professionals across a growing number of industries. The research documented in this article investigates virtual community-based destination marketing using an extended conceptualisation of a virtual community typology. A non-participant netnographic investigation of virtual communities through a content analysis has been applied in this article to investigate the research questions. The contribution includes the application of an extended typology of virtual communities to YouTube leading to a number of managerial implications for marketing practice on using YouTube as an effective marketing tool.Publication Embargo iParking—Smart Way to Automate the Management of the Parking System for a Smart City(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021-04-06) Jayakody, A; Edirisinghe, E. A. G. A; Karunanayaka, S. A. H. M; Ekanayake, E. M. C. S; Dikkumbura, H. K. T. M; Bandara, L. A. I. MDue to the highest usage of vehicles which occurs with developing economy and the improved city modernization level, traffic congestion and parking have become one of the main social problems. Despite the progress, there is still a need for an enhanced and distributed solution that can exploit data and provide an appropriate and real-time method on parking systems. This paper describes the design and implementation of a smart parking management system (SPMS) which can solve the previously mentioned parking problem. Huge traffic causes a considerable deal of damage, like the increment of accidents, the air pollution caused by a substantial amount of CO2 released by vehicles, and the unnecessary stress on drivers who must drive in often narrow and very busy roads and time wastage to find a free spot to park. Thus, to take care of the parking issue, present day advances have been made to furnish vehicle parks with smart devices that help street clients to identify the nearest available car park. In this paper, the development of the new fully automated parking system which is called iParking is presented. IParking is a design and a development of a smart parking system that will ensure the implementation of the outdoor parking system for the Smart City concept by using image processing (IP) and machine learning (ML). With connected to smart parking, a mobile app alerts the user about available spaces and guide user to the exact location with accuracy. IParking system aims to take the driver’s stress out while finding a parking space in city centers where all cars in the city are looking for parking slots in the same time.