Research Papers - Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
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Publication Open Access Anthocyanin (ATH)-incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone-ethyl cellulose-(2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (PVP–EC–BCD) nanofiber-based pH sensor for ocular pH detection during accidental chemical spills(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026-02-03) Sandaruwan, B; Liyanage, R; Costha, P; Dassanayake, R.S; Wijesinghe, R.E; Herath H.M.L.P.B; Nalin de S.K.M; de Silva, R.M; Rajapaksha, S.M; Wijenayake, UThe existing ocular pH detection methods encounter numerous limitations, including low accuracy, poor sensitivity across a wide pH range, and patient discomfort, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. A novel biosensor for ocular pH detection has been developed to assess ocular health and chemical injuries in clinical settings. This study uses the pH-sensitive properties of anthocyanins (ATHs), natural pigments extracted from butterfly pea flowers, to develop a novel pH-responsive nanofiber mat. ATHs are integrated into a polymer blend containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), ethyl cellulose (EC), and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (BCD) to fabricate electrospun nanofibers. The acquired characterization, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirmed the successful fabrication of the ATH-infused nanofibers with a mean diameter ranging from 121 to 396 nm. Four formulations were tested: PVP:EC:BCD:ATH (18 ppm), PVP:EC:BCD:ATH (25 ppm), PVP:EC:BCD:ATH (35 ppm), and PVP:EC:BCD:ATH (50 ppm). Among them, the 50 ppm ATH-incorporating nanofiber mat exhibited the best performance in terms of color clarity, response time, and pH sensitivity. The fabricated 50 ppm ATH incorporating nanofiber mat demonstrated a rapid pH response time of less than 5 seconds (s) while exhibiting a color variation from pink to blue to green across the pH range of 1 to 12, providing a rapid and accurate method for visual pH detection. Based on the color performance of the 50 ppm ATH-incorporating system, a standardized color reference chart was developed to serve as a practical and visual guide for estimating pH levels in clinical applications. Zebrafish toxicity assays were conducted further to validate the safety and biocompatibility of the developed sensor, revealing no significant toxic effects across the range of ATH concentrations.Publication Embargo Environmental forensics of the X-press pearl disaster: Uncovering the internal micro-structural transformations in marine microplastics(Elsevier B.V., 2025-07-15) Jayasekara, P.M; Abhishek, P; Kahatapitiya, N. S; Weerasinghe, M; Kahandawala, B. S; Silva, B. N; Wijenayake, U; Rajapaksha, A.U; Wijesinghe, R. E; Vithanage, MThe MV X-Press Pearl (XPP) maritime disaster on May 25, 2021, released approximately 75 billion microplastic (MP) nurdles into the Indian Ocean and degraded due to the elevated temperatures, a cocktail of chemicals, physical abrasions, and environmental factors. While degradation-induced surface-level chemical and morphological changes were well documented, internal degradation remains largely unexplored. This study highlights the utilization of high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a purely non-destructive imaging modality to discover profound internal alterations in the micrometer range, such as internal hollow regions, cracks, and voids in MP nurdles subjected to different degrees of degradation. The dark pixel intensity probability density corresponds to the degraded areas, increased from 0.0019 (pristine nurdle) to 0.0135–0.5252 for thermal degradation, 0.0878–0.3134 for chemical degradation, and 0.1291–0.2179 for mechanical degradation, indicating progressive internal degradation. Attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed that all the nurdles are polyethylene (PE) and revealed that extreme conditions lead to the formation of new functional groups, including hydroxyl bands and carbonyl bands, even though PE is highly resistant to degradation. The integration of high-resolution OCT imaging with FTIR analysis provides novel insights into the interconnection between micrometer-scale internal physical alterations and associated chemical modifications of MP nurdles resulting from environmental degradation. These findings highlight the potential of this OCT-FTIR integrated approach for advancing the understanding of MP degradation and its long-term environmental impacts.Publication Embargo Brewing plastics: OCT reveals microplastic release from nylon tea bags in simulated brewed tea infusions(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026-02-12) Jayasekara, P.M; Abhishek, P; Kahandawala,B.S; Damith, N; Weerasinghe, M; Kahatapitiya, N.S; Silva, B.N; Karunaratne, S; Wijesinghe, R.E; Wijenayake, UThe release of microplastics (MPs) from nylon tea bags poses a critical concern for human exposure; however,their detection and quantification remain challenging especially in beverage matrices, and hence, this study pioneers the use of high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) integrated with an image processing algorithm to rapidly detect and quantify the size and count of the MPs directly in the water extractions simulating tea brewing. The water extractions prepared by simulating tea brewing conditions, hot (100 °C, 1–5min), cold (2 °C, 1 h), and ambient (30 °C, 1 h), were observed employing OCT imaging and validated through Nile Red (NR) staining and digital microscopy. The nylon tea bags steeped in hot water for 5 minutes released 16 000 to 24 000 LMPs (>30 mm) and SMPs (12–30 mm) per millilitre. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of MPs indicates a higher exposure for children (ranging from 0.201 to 0.349 mm3 kg−1 day−1 ) compared to adults (0.046 to 0.080 mm3 kg−1 day−1 ). In contrast, cold brewing for 1 hour released fewer LMPs but an equal quantity of small MPs (SMPs) compared to hot brewing. This OCT-based approach offers a rapid, versatile platform for the detection and quantification of MPs from diverse packaging materials and provides a powerful tool for comprehensive risk assessment when combined with chemical and toxicological analyses.