Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Life Expectancy: A Global Perspective Across Income Levels

Abstract

Socioeconomic factors influencing life expectancy are still underexplored across different income groups in global research.This study investigates the socioeconomic determinants of longevity across global income levels, drawing on World Bank datato analyze how various economic and social factors influence lifespan worldwide. A stepwise panel data regression analysiswas conducted to examine the determinants. The findings indicate that increase per capita gross domestic product and healthexpenditure substantially enhance lifespan, whereas increase population size, death rate, and infant mortality rate adverselyimpact life expectancy globally. In low-income countries, increase per capita gross domestic product, population size, and deathrate significantly shorten life expectancy. In lower-middle-income countries, growing population size and death rate progres-sively lower life expectancy. In upper-middle-income countries, higher per capita gross domestic product significantly boostslongevity, while increase carbon dioxide emissions, population size, death rate, and infant mortality rate substantially reducelife expectancy. In high-income countries, increase male education significantly raises lifespan, while increase population sizeand death rate reduce life expectancy. These findings can help policymakers, governments, the World Health Organisation, theUnited Nations, and the World Bank address key issues affecting life expectancy, promoting global health and sustainable eco-nomic growth