Investigating the mechanical and durability properties of locally sourced fly ash-based ternary cement paste to increase OPC replacement

Abstract

The mechanical and durability performance of fly ash (FA)-based ternary blended cement pastes was investigated in an attempt to increase ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement while maintaining comparable strength and improved durability. This paper provides region-specific experimental data using locally sourced FA from Sri Lanka and imported ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). A control mix (100% OPC), two binary blends and six ternary blends were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days, along with water absorption and resistance to sulfuric acid after 28 days. The results showed that OPC specimens achieved the highest early strength, while ternary blends with 25% and 40% OPC replacement achieved comparable 28-day strengths of 82.7 ± 4.8 MPa and 76.2 ± 3.2 MPa, respectively. GGBFS contributed to early strength gain, whereas FA enhanced long-term strength. Durability was improved significantly in the ternary blends. The F15S10 blend, with a higher GGBFS content, showed the greatest sulfuric acid resistance (4.8 ± 0.15% weight loss), while the F40S10 blend, with higher FA content, exhibited the lowest water absorption (6.0 ± 0.18%). Overall, ternary blends with 40% OPC replacement and low FA content are recommended for achieving balanced strength and superior durability in cement paste applications.