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Publication Open Access Dynamic linkages between chicken meat production, consumption, income and trade: Evidence from Wavelet coherence and Granger causality in Asia(Elsevier Inc., 2026) Silva, Y; Susan, H; Perera, N; Mendis, K; Jayathilaka, R; Dabare, UThe poultry industry has become one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors in Asia, driven by rising incomes, and shifting food preferences. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between chicken meat production and key determinants, including chicken meat consumption, gross domestic product, and trade openness, over 30 years (1993-2022) across 28 Asian countries. This study's foundation was based on the theories of consumer demand and international trade. Wavelet coherence and Granger causality analysis were utilised to identify the direction of causality of the variables. The Wavelet results reveal that chicken consumption and GDP become most significant with the production in the Asian continent, while Granger results reveal that most Asian countries showed unidirectional causal flows from trade openness to chicken meat production and from chicken meat production to gross domestic product and consumption. Furthermore, this study provides novel insights that inform policy considerations for policymakers, international and domestic organisations, and governments, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations.Publication Open Access Global economic uncertainty shocks and macroeconomic dynamics before and after COVID-19: Evidence from Africa and the Americas(Elsevier Inc., 2026-04-03) Madurawala, R; Navamohan, P; Gamage, D; Hansika, S; Jayathilaka, RGlobal economic uncertainty has become a central driver of macroeconomic instability, particularly during large-scale crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines how global uncertainty shocks affect key macroeconomic variables, particularly suicide rates, economic growth, unemployment, and trade openness across 62 countries in Africa, South America, and North America over the period of 2004–2023 as the countries in these regions exhibit the highest uncertainty post-pandemic. Utilising the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment, the analysis distinguishes between pre- and post-pandemic uncertainty-socioeconomic dynamics to assess the bidirectional and cointegrating relationships across regions. The study employs Multiple Linear Regression to capture short-term macroeconomic responses and panel and country-level cointegration techniques to identify long-run relationships between economic uncertainty and macroeconomic variables. Global uncertainty is proxied using the World Uncertainty Index, which captures broad policy, geopolitical, and crisis-related uncertainty affecting expectations and real economic activity. Unlike, existing studies which reveal insights in a particular region or country, the current findings uncover bi-directional relationships in 21 countries post-pandemic, with notable relationships in Algeria, Botswana, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Republic of Congo, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay. Moreover, long-run cointegration between uncertainty and macroeconomic indicators strengthens in the post-COVID-19 period, particularly in countries of Africa and North America. By analysing countries in the highest uncertainty regions the study contributes to the international macroeconomics literature by providing new evidence on how global uncertainty shocks reshape macroeconomic dynamics across regions with heterogeneous economic structures, offering important implications for macroeconomic stabilisation in an increasingly uncertain global landscape.Publication Open Access Economic and environmental factors influencing beef production in high-income countries: Panel evidence(Elsevier B.V., 2026-05-06) Susan, H; Mendis, K; Perera, N; Silva, Y; Jayathilaka, RAs the global population grows, dietary patterns are shifting towards protein-rich foods, with beef production playing a critical role in balancing food security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Among income groups, high-income countries exhibit relatively stable, yet elevated levels of beef production compared to others, warranting focused investigation. This study evaluates the causal effects of beef consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, gross domestic product, and trade openness on beef production across 42 high-income countries from 1993 to 2022. A panel regression model with country-specific fixed effects is employed to control for unobserved heterogeneity, as supported by panel specification tests. Additionally, a simple moving average method is used to forecast short-term trends in beef production for 2023–2026. The findings reveal that there is no significant evidence to claim that there is an effect of beef consumption and gross domestic product on beef production. In contrast, trade openness negatively influences production, while greenhouse gas emissions exhibit a positive effect. Forecast results indicate increasing beef production in countries such as Uruguay, New Zealand, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The study offers policy-relevant insights for governments and international organisations in aligning livestock production strategies with Sustainable Development Goals.Publication Open Access Sustainability indicators in a globalised poultry sector: production, consumption, trade openness, and GDP across 126 countries(Elsevier B.V., 2026-02-12) Silva, Y; Perera, N; Mendis, K; Susan, H; Jayathilaka, RThe sustainability of the meat industry relies on consistent demand and the desire for meat. In recent years, chicken was produced around 104.2 million metric tons and expected to increase by 2% in the upcoming years with a record of 109.6 million tons worldwide. Also, global chicken meat export will increase by 3% with a record of around 14.7 million tons. Therefore, this research focuses on investigating the causal relationships that have a significant impact on chicken production, considering independent variables as chicken consumption, trade openness, and GDP. This study is conducted across several income groups, encompassing 126 countries, for a 30-year period from 1993 to 2022. To strengthen the study, the demand theory and international trade theory were utilised. This study employs multiple methodologies, including panel Granger analysis, cross-country Granger causality analysis to identify the direction of causality, and thereafter the Wavelet coherence analysis to determine the time variance and the nature of the coherence between the variables. According to the study, the results have revealed unidirectional relationships between production and trade openness, chicken meat consumption, and GDP. Accordingly, policy suggestions are provided for farmers, policymakers, relevant organisations, and legislators to make an impact on the chicken meat industry by enhancing production, optimising operations, and maintaining high quality to improve nutritional value. All the implementation suggestions are given to support the Sustainable Development Goals, established by the United Nations.Publication Open Access Poultry consumption and sustainability: Assessing economic, trade, and climatic impacts across diverse income economies(Elsevier Ltd, 2025-10-31) Sammani, I; Yeshini, B; Siriwardhane, S; Pasindu, K; Jayathilaka, RPoultry consumption has increased significantly throughout the world, driven by shifts in economic, trade and dietary factors. This study explores the impact of per capita gross domestic product, trade openness, average surface temperature, beef, pork, sheep, goat, and other meat consumption on poultry consumption in the top 10 countries from each income group. Secondary data for 40 countries were incorporated from Our World in Data, from 2000 to 2021. The Panel regression technique was conducted, which applied Pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effect, and random effect models. The findings indicated that per capita gross domestic product and average surface temperature significantly impact poultry consumption. In contrast, trade openness and sheep and goat consumption significantly negatively impact all 40 countries. In high-income countries, trade openness, average surface temperature, and pork consumption have a positive effect, while other meat consumption negatively impacts poultry consumption. Average surface temperature has shown a notable positive impact, whereas trade openness negatively impacts poultry consumption in upper-middle-income countries. Pork consumption has shown a considerable positive impact in lower-middle and low-income countries.Publication Open Access Carbon emissions across income groups: exploring the role of trade, energy use, and economic growth(Springer Nature, 2025-07-10) Dharmapriya, N; Gunawardena, V; Methmini, D; Jayathilaka, R; Rathnayake, NThis study investigates the interplay of trade openness, energy consumption, and gross domestic product (GDP) on carbon emissions across different income groups, analysing data from 163 countries from 2000 to 2019. Using panel regression and multiple linear regression techniques, the findings highlight energy consumption as the principal driver of carbon emissions across all income categories, underscoring its central role in environmental sustainability challenges. High-income countries, despite technological advancements, continue to exhibit substantial emissions due to their reliance on fossil fuels. In contrast low-income nations face difficulties in balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, often lacking the resources to adopt cleaner energy alternatives. The study emphasises the urgent need for income-specific strategies to reduce carbon emissions, advocating for the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources and tailored policy interventions. These insights align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 13 (Climate Action), by promoting the integration of economic development with environmental stewardship. By addressing disparities across income levels, this research offers actionable recommendations for policymakers to support equitable and sustainable practices globally.Publication Open Access Economic and trade determinants of carbon emissions in the American region(Elsevier, 2025-06) Methmini, D; Dharmapriya, N; Edirisinghe, S; Gunawardena, V; Jayathilaka, R; Wickramaarachchi, C; Dharmasena, TBalancing economic growth with sustainability has been a significant challenge over the past decades, largely due to the environmental damage caused by carbon emissions. This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), and trade openness and their impact on carbon emissions in 28 countries in the American region from 2000 to 2022. Using a multiple linear regression model for country-level analysis, the findings reveal diverse trends across the region. For instance, countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Guatemala demonstrate a strong link between economic growth and increased carbon emissions. In contrast, developed nations such as the United States and Canada show signs of decoupling GDP growth from emissions, supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which suggests that higher income levels lead to reduced environmental degradation. The study highlights the importance of tailored, country-specific strategies to reduce emissions while promoting sustainable economic growth. A thorough understanding of the complex relationships between gross domestic product, energy consumption, trade openness, and carbon emissions will enable policymakers to devise strategies that balance ecological sustainability with socio-economic objectives.